论湿地生态系统服务的多维度价值评估方法

为了维系湿地生态系统的功能并制定合理的保护与开发规划,有必要量化湿地生态系统服务的价值。目前学术界尚未形成统一的湿地价值评估方法,而不同的选取方法、评估角度、评估对象等,会导致计算结果存在很大差异,尤其是在对时空差异性服务价值评估和湿地生态系统服务的总价值评估中存在难以量化和重复计算现象。针对上述问题,从湿地生态系统服务的定义、分类和受益人出发,提出了多维度价值评估方法,以定量计算时空差异性服务价值和系统的总服务价值,并探讨了该方法在淮河流域八里河湿地生态系统中的应用以及对其他类型生态系统服务研究的借鉴意义。     

湿地生态系统设计的一些基本问题探讨

湿地生态系统设计是恢复、调整湿地的重要手段,本文3从湿地生态系统设计概念入手,阐述了设计的基本原则。较详细地讨论了设计中的指标（水文指标、化学指标、基质指标和生物指标）要求,根据湿地生态系统设计的用途不同,探讨了3种主要的湿地生态系统设计类型,即作为废水处理湿地的设计,作为调整湿地的系统设计和作为洪水及非点源污染控制的湿地设计。     

Abandonment alters community composition and canopy structure of Swiss calcareous fens

Abstract. We compared the plant species composition, productivity and canopy structure of seven mown sites to a chronosequence of 20 abandoned calcareous fens in northeastern Switzerland. Cessation of mowing led to an 18% decline in overall plant species richness and the diversity of most functional groups. Abandonment did not lead to marked increases of above‐ground productivity, but rather selectively favoured certain functional groups. On abandoned fens biomass of grasses increased nearly threefold, at the expense of biomass of Cyperaceae and Juncaceae, which declined by 30% compared to mown fens, while forb biomass remained unaffected. Litter mass increased more than 15‐fold in fallows, while canopy height increased by 50%. The foliage in abandoned fens was oriented more horizontally and had a lower overall cover. However, these successional changes were never dependent upon the age of the fallow. Furthermore, nearly all traits differed significantly on regional and local spatial scales, suggesting that floristic and (meso‐)climatic differences obscure or override successional trajectories in these species‐rich wetlands.     

Seed banks of a southern Australian wetland: the influence of water regime on the final floristic composition

The sediments of a southern Australian wetland complex were investigated to determine the germinable seed bank. The number of seeds ranged from 22,000 to 78,000 m^–2. Non-metric multi dimensional scaling (NMS) ordination based upon species composition separated the four basins but each contained the representatives of the major functional groups: terrestrial, amphibious and submerged. To test the influence of water regime on the final floristic composition derived from these seed banks, sediments were positioned at three elevations (0, 30 and 80 cm) and subjected to three hydrologic regimes (static water level, and draw down rates of 2.5 and 7 cm week^–1). Species compositions were analysed after 98 days via ordination. Despite significant differences in the initial seed bank composition the final floristic compositions were correlated with the water regime and independent of the initial seed bank composition. Species groups were segregated on a basis of whether sediments were continuously exposed to the atmosphere, the rate of draw down and the water depth. Moist sediments were dominated by species belonging to all the main functional groups. Sediments subject to rapid drying were dominated by terrestrial species whereas sediments that were flooded for the majority of the time were dominated by submerged species.     

Effects of agriculture and wetland restoration on hydrology, soils, and water quality of a Carolina bay complex

We compared hydrology, soils, and water quality of an agricultural field (AG), a two-year-old restored wetland (RW), and two reference ecosystems (a non-riverine swamp forest (NRSF) and a high pocosin forest (POC)) located at the Barra Farms Regional Wetland Mitigation Bank, a Carolina bay complex in Cumberland County, North Carolina. Our main objectives were to: 1) determine if the RW exhibited hydrology comparable to a reference ecosystem, 2) characterize the soils of the AG, RW, and reference ecosystems, and 3) assess differences in water quality in the surface outflow from the AG, RW, and reference ecosystems. Water table data indicated that the hydrology of the RW has been successfully reestablished as the hydroperiod of the RW closely matched that of the NRSF in 1998 and 1999. Jurisdictional hydrologic success criterion was also met by the RW in both years. To characterize soil properties, soil cores from each ecosystem were analyzed for bulk density (D_b), total carbon (C_t), nitrogen (N_t), and phosphorus (P_t), extractable phosphate (PO_4w), nitrogen (N_ex), and cations (Ca_ex, Mg_ex, K_ex, Na_ex), as well as pH. Bulk density, P_t, Ca_ex, Mg_ex, and pH were greatly elevated in the AG and RW compared to the reference ecosystems. Water quality monitoring consisted of measuring soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), total phosphorus (TP), nitrate + nitrite (NOX), and total nitrogen (TN) concentrations in surface water from the AG, RW, and reference outflows. Outflow concentrations of SRP, TP, and NOX were highest and most variable in the AG, while TN was highest in the reference. This study suggested that while restoration of wetland hydrology has been successful in the short term, alteration of wetland soil properties by agriculture was so intense, that changes due to restoration were not apparent for most soil parameters. Restoration also appeared to provide water quality benefits, as outflow concentrations of SRP, TP, NOX, and TN were lower in the RW than the AG.     

青藏高原湿地植物轻金属元素含量特征及其与环境因素的关系研究

以青藏高原湿地植物为研究对象,通过对青藏高原35个采样点的野外调查采样,对青藏高原湿地植物8种轻金属元素(Al、Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、K、Na、Li)含量的特征及其与环境因素的关系进行分析。结果显示,不同湿地植物对不同轻金属元素的富集能力存在差异。轻金属元素在湿地植物体内的平均含量依次排序为:Li相似文献   

张掖国家湿地公园优势鸟类种群生态位研究

鸟类时空格局影响下鸟类种群生态位的变化是认识鸟类环境适应机制的理论基础。在张掖国家湿地公园保育区,采用样带法研究了冬春季节5种优势鸟类种群生态位宽度和生态位重叠的时间异质性。结果表明:随着月份的更替,5种优势鸟类种群的生态位宽度呈现出先增大后减小的变化趋势,赤麻鸭(Tadornaferruginea)、绿头鸭(Anasplatyrhynchos)、麻雀(Passer montanus)、白骨顶鸡(Fulicaatra)的最高值出现在1月分别为1.601、1.415、1.627、1.771,大白鹭(Ardea alba)的最高值出现在3月为0.556;不同月份间鸟类优势种群生态位重叠存在差异,3月、11月生态位的重叠值最大,1月份最小;优势鸟类种群的生态位宽度和重叠在时间尺度上表现出"此消彼长"的关系。湿地公园时间尺度上的鸟类生态位宽度和重叠的差异与湿地食物资源及隐蔽条件、鸟类群体迁徙规律、鸟类种间的竞争密切相关,反应了湿地鸟类适应生境变化的可塑性机制。     

Wetland ecosystem comparison using a suite of plant assessment measures

In light of extensive human impact on wetlands it is necessary that we develop an effective way to monitor the effects of impact in order to prevent further destruction. One method is plant community assessment, specifically Floristic Quality Assessment (FQA), which is common, but can be subjective. In this case study, we implement FQA, as well as specific morphological and chemical assessment measures over a two-year period in order to compare two wetlands in the Lake George watershed in the Adirondack mountains and their response to human impact. While the wetlands studied demonstrated very different water chemistry profiles makeups, FQA did not reveal substantial differences between plant communities. However, more specific analyses of plant morphology and tissue chemistry did reveal significant differences that reflected the level of impact at these two sites. Namely, the simple plant Lemna minor had consistently shorter roots and Nuphar lutea contained higher amounts of nitrogen in above ground tissues when growing in an anthropogenically impacted wetland. We suggest that FQA and specific plant morphology and tissue chemistry measurements be performed concurrently to provide indication of both long- and short-term effects of human impact in wetland ecosystems.